Mmo wire anode. Other sizes and rating are available upon request.

Mmo wire anode Our MMO linear anode consists of titanium wire coated with Ir-Ta mixed metal oxide catalyst, running in parallel with an insulated copper conductor. 175mm) - 400mA/linear ft (1,312mA EnvirAnode® LT system is a linear MMO anode that is suitable for challenging soil conditions. SHIPPING While MMO tubular anodes are about 20 times lighter and far more robust than the MMO Wire Anode MMO wire anode consists of solid titanium wire meet ASTM specifications coated with a thin layer of iridium and tantalum oxide, it has a low consumption rate, the anode E-mail: info@yuxi-anode. MMO coating is consisting of Precious Mixed Metal Oxides IrO2-x and Ta2O5; it has been proven to Explore endless possibilities with Titanium Wires. Titanium Expanded Metal Mesh Anode is manufactured using an expanded metal substrate coated with mixed metal oxide The composition of mixed metal oxide (MMO) anode coatings, preparation of the titanium substrate, lead-wire insulation, electrical connection, and quality control procedure for MMO anodes have extremely low consumption rates and the titanium substrate remains intact over the 20-year design life. The core of the anode is Our MMO wire anode is suitable for direct burial in fine sand, carbonaceous backfill or immersion in fresh or saline waters. It includes a chlorine resistant Kynar® braiding to protect the anode against electrical shorts and is Our MMO wire anode is manufactured using a high tensile solid titanium wire substrate coated with a multi-layer noble metal oxide catalyst. 2. The core of the anode is Are titanium wire with a mixed metal oxide coating. The metal oxide coating is An MMO Canister Anode, recognized in the industry as Mixed Metal Oxide Canister Anode, stands as a meticulously engineered anti-corrosion solution tailored for diverse sectors. Summary/Conclusion: For deep Canister anodes consist of MMO/Ti (tubular, wire, rod, mesh) anode installed in a large metal canister that is filled with coke breeze backfill. Its wire form Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Coated Titanium Clad Copper Wire Anode; Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Coated Titanium Clad Copper Wire Anode. Each MMO Linear Anode we craft not only meets but exceeds the high MMO Linear Wire Anodes by Farwest Corrosion Control Company Farwest Corrosion’s MMO linear wire anode is an ideal product for use when a low-current, distributed cathodic Titanium wire is a kind of metal wire material with titanium or titanium alloy as the main component. Grade5 (Ti-6Al-4V) titanium alloy wire is popular because of its high strength. MMO Ribbon Anodes play a pivotal role in enhancing corrosion protection across various applications, from marine environments to industrial UTron’s MMO tubular anode is fabricated of seamless titanium tubes in Grade 1 or 2. MMO wire In the current study, the protection process of the above-ground storage tank bottom is simulated using MMO backfilled wire (Concentric Rings) and ribbon anodes (Mesh Grid System). Jennings Anodes is a major global supplier of mixed metal oxides coated anodes. Mixed ELADE is one of the leading China MMO Ti Linear Anode of Cathodic Protection manufacturers, and with professional factory we are able to provide you cheap MMO Ti Linear Anode of AN2166 Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Titanium Wire Anodes. com Mobile: +86 138 9245 5776; WhatsApp: +86 138 9245 5776 Add. Mixed Metal Oxide coated anode (MMO): Solid titanium wire with mixed metal oxide coating provides low attenuation in combination with prepackaged carbon backfill. This arrangement avoids handling loose coke breeze and simplifies field Custom MMO Wire Anodes Tailored to Your Needs. AN2166: Standard: ASTM B348 Grade I/II: (MMO) Ribbon Anode, Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Titanium Tube Anode, Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Titanium Rod The biggest advantage of the MMO Titanium Wire Anode is the high gas evolution potential, basically no gas evolution at the cathodic protection potential (protection potential at -850 Mv, The anode is the electrode where the oxidation reaction occurs. Vivian; Email: Dinore@di-nol. ; Choice of Our PF™-Anode is a proprietary MMO wire anode based impressed current anode available to customized lengths and configurations. Lida MMO Solid Rod Anodes by De Nora Tech . MMO MMO Wire Anode. It is designed to provide long-lasting protection against corrosion in diverse environments. Anode Lead Cable 2. MMO Disk MMO WIRE ANODES MMO wire anodes are available in two standard sizes, with two standard current ratings. MMO is the abbreviation of Mixed Metal Oxide. MMO-Ti wire anode can be connected to a feed cable at one end or ‘piggybacked’ to form a The sample of MMO anodes shall be cut and tested using a current density of 10,000 or 15,000 amp/m2 until the total amount of discharge current (amp-hour) equivalent to 30 years period Through power cable and MMO/Ti wire anode, use the method of a certain distance connection seal, linear anode achieves the purpose of cable release and transmission. MMO Canister Anode - Jennings Anodes sales@jenningsanodes. Other sizes and rating are available upon request. Flexible Design: Wire MMO anodes offer exceptional flexibility, making them suitable for a variety of configurations, including complex shapes and structures where traditional anodes cannot be MMO anode is also available in mesh, ribbon mesh, saw tooth, wire and bar configurations. Greater current output can be achieved on applications where close proximity anode Custom Shapes: We have the expertise to tailor anode shapes to perfectly align with your specific equipment or configuration needs in the electrowinning process. MIXED METAL OXIDE ANODE . This will help ensure its proper functioning and longevity. 7. It can be used for impressed current cathodic protection in soil environment TELPRO FLEX-ANODE is available with TELPRO MMO Wire or Ribbon Anodes. Mesh Platinized Titanium Anode is manufactured using an expanded metal substrate coated with mixed metal oxide Benefit from wholesale mmo wire anode from Alibaba. The actual anode inside the *Customized Anode Specification is possible on request for application in congested plants. China www. It is suitable for direct burial in fine sand, We manufacture MMO wire anode in three diameters: 1 mm, 1. Mixed Metal Oxide Wire anodes possess all these characteristics and offer greater installation flexibility. Among them, the conductive polymer matrix has good flexibility MMO Wire Anode is a high-performance anode used in various cathodic protection applications. Standard Anodes Sizes MMO anodes are available in two AnodeFlex 3000 is a long-life, flexible, wire anode, which can be placed remote to the target structure. ELTECH wire anodes are copper cored titanium wire with a mixed metal oxide coating. Flexible Sizing: Our customization options extend to adjusting anode sizes, As a top supplier of DSA electrodes and cathodic protection anodes, Jennings Anodes offers high-performance titanium electrodes, mixed metal oxides anodes, high silicon cast iron There are several varieties of underground impressed current anodes: mixed metal oxide (MMO), platinum, graphite and silicon iron. Strip Anode. 3A and a voltage of 10. 5 mm and 3 mm. Plastic Cap 3. (IrO2 /Ta2O5). 3000 Key Features. Great care is taken to avoid any damage which might be caused during storage or Titanium anode, also known as titanium-based metal oxide coated electrode, also called dimensionally stable anode (DSA), is a new type of insoluble anode material CerAnode™ MMO Canister Anode 7 10 4 3 2 11 9 Canister Schematic 5 1 1. The results show that, in the use of ribbon anodes, MMO anodes have better performance than magnesium and zinc sacricial The primary anode element in a LIDA® Pack is a mixed metal oxide wire anode. Using a very conservative anode rating of 50% of the manufactur-ers’ published data, the capacity of each anode is 170 A/y. 5mm or 3mm ASTM B863 Grade 1 Or Titanium MMO/Ti Ribbon nominal dimensions: 6. MMO Coated Titanium Anodes / MMO Titanium Anode for Nickel Plating / MMO Anode / # Different Types of MMO Coated Titanium Anodes In industries where corrosion resistance is paramount, MMO (Mixed Metal Oxide) coated titanium anodes are increasingly popular Read MMO Anode. Designed for installations where a single anode on a string MMO coated titanium wire anode is suitable for direct burial in fine sand, carbonaceous backfill or immersion in fresh or saline waters. As the The MATCOR MMP-Anode is a prepackaged mixed metal oxide (MMO) impressed current anode for underground applications to protect and prevent corrosion on pipelines, storage tanks, and other buried structures. Strip Anodes are used in carbonaceous backfill which extends anode life and increases the permissible Overview. R. Home; About. It includes a chlorine resistant Kynar® braiding to protect the anode against TELPRO MMO WIRE ANODES are available in two standard sizes, with two standard current ratings. It is suitable for direct burial in fine sand, MMO Wire Anode MMO wire anode consists of solid titanium wire meet ASTM specifications coated with a thin layer of iridium and tantalum oxide, it has a low consumption rate, the anode MMO WIRE ANODES Ir–Ta MMO Coating Ir-Ru MMO Coating The current output of the anode varies in different applications from soil to seawater. Bespoke Specifications: Tailor the size, shape, and configuration to seamlessly fit your project’s requirements. Designed Jennings Anodes provides copper cored MMO wire anodes upon request. From non-corrosive to titanium alloy, Alibaba. Mixed metal oxide anodes are lightweight and durable MMO Wire Anode Office: +86(574)8388 2233 Dongxi, Xinqiao, Xiangshan Ningbo 315725, P. Catalog No. The De Nora LIDA ® ONE anode is the newest in the family of mixed metal oxide anode products specifically tailored to the cathodic protection of buried structures. SHIPPING While MMO tubular anodes are about 20 times lighter and far more robust than the In general, Ti anodes with MMO coatings are very sensitive to operating voltages above 12 V as the MMO coating begins to breakdown. It consists of a high grade titanium wire (coated in Ir-Ta mixed Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Wire is an anode designed for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection systems of steel structures. Our wire anodes are composed of titanium clad The length used in the MMO wire anode method is 230 m, which is 48. com +1 (281) 501 8398 The basic anode in an canister anode is a MMO wire or tubular anode, which is comprised of a precious metal oxide coating applied to a titanium base. Application-Centric Selection: For firms, MMO anode choice should inherently link to its precise Description. MMO piggyback Dedication to Distinction: Our notable industry standing highlights our superior design and fabrication expertise. com www. The oxide coating is completely stable and does not corrode, as MMO Ribbon Anodes Procurement Guide. We offer a wide range of MMO probe anodes for cathodic Anode materials : Titanium Wire MMO/Ti Wire 1. 2%, and 98. Overview: MMO wire anodes offer superior corrosion prevention capabilities through their unique electrochemical design. MMO anodes, or mixed metal oxide anodes are the latest technology in the corrosion industry. Linearflex is an effective, factory manufactured Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) pre-packaged linear anode system, that is simple to use, install, and will provide the corrosion protection needed on your assets. This impressed current anode is of light weight. The oxide coating is completely stable, and does • Mixed Metal Oxide coated anode (MMO): Titanium clad, copper wire with mixed metal oxide coating provides low attenuation in combination with prepackaged carbon backfill. pdf), Text File (. The MMO coating, with industrially proven lifetime characteristics, MMO linear anodes, also known as flexible anodes, are an ideal product for use when a low-current, evenly distributed cathodic protection system is needed. MultiSeal 100 micro ohm Elade technology is a leading manufacturer of Mixed metal oxide Titanium anode, Impressed Current Cathodic Protection anode, reference electrode, anode for electrowinning, anode for MMO Wire Anodes - Free download as PDF File (. It takes titanium as the substrate, and coated with the precious metal Our MMO anodes are available in various forms to meet any desired specification, including tube, ribbon, wire, mesh and sheets. China info@yuxi-anode. For 10 The MMO tubular anode is also called the titanium tube anode, the MMO anode titanium tube, or the precious metal oxide (MMO) titanium anode tube, is a metal oxide with electrocatalytic Mixed Metal Oxide Wire Anode (MMO Wire Anode) آند MMO وایری از یک سیم تک رشته با روکشی از انواع اکسیدهای فلزهای ایریدیوم، تانتالوم، تایتانیوم و روتنیوم تشکیل شده است. The mixed metal oxide is a crystalline, electricallyconductive coating that activates the titanium and enables it to function as an For MMO wire anodes, some suppliers utilize a bimetallic substrate with a thin layer of titanium extruded over a copper core. Anode materials : Titanium Wire MMO/Ti Wire 1. With electrical-conductive mixed metal oxide coating, the titanium wire is activated and functioned as anode. Install and use the MMO Titanium Anode according to the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines. Add to Cart. An Anode is a positive electrode that loses its electrons in a chemical reaction within a cell. Cable . Anodes feature an electro-conductive coating of mixed metal oxides, forming a solid solution with Whether operating in fresh water, seawater, soil or mud MMO coatings are extremely stable even in very low pH environments. MMO-Ti wire anode can be connected to a feed cable at one end or ‘piggybacked' to form a The anode is the electrode where the oxidation reaction occurs. The system installs similar to traditional cathodic protection MMO WIRE AND ALL Shop for Anodes Galvanic Anodes Galvanic anodes, (often called sacrificial anodes), protect metallic structures from corrosion without requiring an external current source. 125" (3. 28, HuoJu Road, high-tech Development Zone, Baoji, Shaanxi Both simulations modeled an MMO wire anode with a 3 mm circular . These anodes are widely used in the protection of Mmo Anode. 35mm x 0. It can be connected to a feed cable at one end or 'piggybacked' to Our product range is extensive, as you will see in this website, and our services include a wide variety of cathodic protection engineering and installation offerings. Our MMO/Ti wire anode can be connected to a feed cable at one end or ‘piggybacked’ to form a continuous TELPRO MMO coating consists of IrO2/Ta2O5 and is suitable for use in all cathodic protection applications. cross-section and current density of 3 A/m 2 (28 mA/m). Designed for Anodes. com has you covered. Future UTron develops and manufactures MMO linear anode for cathodic protection by adopting Gr1 or Gr2 titanium wire (ASTM B348) in 1, 5 mm or 3mm diameter with MMO (IrO 2 /Ta 2 O As a highly conductive anode with extremely low consumption rate, the titanium substrate is unchanged throughout the design life of the anode. The wire anodes include copper cored titanium wire with a MMO 6. MMO-Ti wire anode is suitable for direct burial in fine sand, carbonaceous backfill or immersion in fresh or saline waters. Mixed metal oxides have very low consumption rates EnvirAnode® LT system is a linear MMO anode that is suitable for challenging soil conditions. The wire anode is comprised of a precious metal oxide coating applied to a copper cored titanium wire. The mixed metal oxide is a crystalline, electrically conductive coating that Our MMO linear anode is an ideal product for use when a low-current, evenly distributed cathodic protection system is needed. Cable Strain Relief Anchor 4. e di erence was in the protected structure—a The CP system included MMO wire loop anode which was installed one meter beneath the tank bottom plate, and 2 above the High-Density Poly-Ethylene (HDPE) pad. An MMO anode is a highly conductive and corrosion-resistant anode which is MMO activated Wire anodes technology provide optimized current distribution, low grounded resistance and better than ever power efficiencies. Lida MMO Disk Anode by De Nora Tech . For example, if a wire voltage drop of 10% or less is desired for proper current MMO wire anodes consist of a pure titanium wire substrate (ASTM B348 Grade I/II) which has a high tensile strength coated by an electrocatalytic film of noble metal oxide. It can be used for impressed current cathodic protection in soil environment and Find here Mixed Metal Oxide Anodes, MMO Anodes manufacturers, suppliers & exporters in India. 4%, 90. It is used for impressed current Our MMO wire anode consists of pure titanium wire coated with high-quality mixed metal oxides catalyst. The MMP Flexibility in Ordering: Enjoy the flexibility of ordering as few as 1 or up to 10,000 units, tailored to your specific requirements. The anodes are made from pure titanium wire Round titanium wire is also used as welding wire for welding chemical equipment. Wire anodes supported by suitable rated TELPRO WIRE ANODES CURRENT RATING IN CALCINED PETROLEUM COKE : 0. 6mm ASTM B265 Grade 1 Sleeve Diameter YUXI’s MMO wire anode consists of pure titanium wire coated with high-quality mixed metal oxides catalyst. Mixed Metal Oxides (MMO) Coated Tubular Anode. The mixed metal oxide is a crystalline, electrically conductive coating that MMO Wire Anode consists of solid titanium wire which meets AS1M 6348 Grade 1 or 2 standard that has been coated with Mixed Metal Oxide Coating. Our MMO mesh ribbon anode is We supply highest quality mmo tubular or wire anode to be prepacked in canister for cathodic protection of buried pipelines and tanks. Get contact details & address of companies manufacturing and supplying Mixed LIDA wire anodes, by De Nora, are made of copper cored, titanium wire with a mixed metal oxide (MMO) coating. 0 V must be used. The mixed metal oxide is a crystalline, electrically-conductive coating that activates the Rod and Wire MMO Anodes: These versions cater to niche needs or when design intricacies command distinct specifications. Advantages of Mixed Metal Oxide Anode (MMO Anode): 1. We supply all types of underground impressed current MMO (mixed metal oxide) Anode Wire Coating Type MMO Anode Substrate Material is Titanium CP GI MMO Dimensionally Stable Anode Rating for 30 years Anode -to-Coke and Coke-to Contacts. Minimized possibility of wire insulation damage as For an improved current output, MMO anode can be prepackaged in a galvanized steel canister containing carbonaceous backfill, ready for direct installation. The document provides specifications on MMO tubular anodes, wire anodes, and ribbon anodes of various sizes and MMO wire anodes are a type of impressed current cathodic protection anode used to prevent corrosion in various environments. این نوع از آندها به طور معمول در کنار لوله ها و proprietary MMO wire anode based impressed current anode available to customized lengths and configurations. 6mm ASTM B265 Grade 1 MMO ANODES MIXED METAL OXIDE ANODES TUBULAR TYPE Mixed Metal Oxide / Titanium Tubular Anodes are manufactured using titanium, which meets ASTM B338 Grade 1 or Grade The lifespan of an MMO (Mixed Metal Oxide) wire anode in corrosive environments is a topic of significant interest due to its critical role in protecting structures and MMO coated titanium wire anode is suitable for direct burial in fine sand, carbonaceous backfill or immersion in fresh or saline waters. MMO tubular anodes have an Our MMO wire anode is manufactured using a high tensile solid titanium wire substrate coated with a multi-layer noble metal oxide catalyst. The titanium substrate of these anodes is selected according to The MMO Wire Anode is a versatile and slender electrode, designed with a Mixed Metal Oxide coating to enhance its electrochemical performance and longevity. Saga provides canister anodes whose core is Also, a concentric ring can be utilized by MMO wire anodes at 3. The titanium used in manufacturing meets ASTM B863 for wire and ASTM B265 for ribbon. If you have any questions or concerns about the MMO Linear Piggyback Flexible Wire Anode is a new generation of flexible anode, known for its even protective potential distribution, high drainage density, long lifespan, and high We offer a wide range of MMO probe anodes for cathodic protection of pipelines and tanks. Because mixed metal oxide anodes have an extremely low consumption rate, the MMO linear anodes, also known as flexible anodes, are an ideal product for use when a low-current, evenly distributed cathodic protection system is needed. 05 m intervals and a rectifier with a minimum current of 12. DOWNLOADS The MMO coating, with industrially proven lifetime The primary anode in an De Nora LIDA ® PACK is a mixed metal oxide wire anode. MMO (6) aluminum (7) cast iron (4) extruded magnesium (1) MMO Anode Technology. txt) or read online for free. Maximum Current Density (CD) @ Anode 100 A/m2 Wire anode diameter mm (ft) 1,5 mm Ø Ti The MMO Anode Wire is electrically connected to the header cable using a standard hydraulic 12 ton crimp to assure a positive low resistance electronic connection. Benefits of Wire MMO Anodes. There are two standard diameter Wire MMO anodes are used to cathodic protection of buried metal structures in soil such as pipelines and tanks bottom. Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Coated Tubular Anode String. com Tel: +86 (574) 8388 2233 Fax: +86 (574) 8388 2238 6/F, Tianlu Building, 767 Liangzhu Road, Ningbo 315000, P. Longer working life can be achieved by ALL SALES Titanium Electrode Products Inc. GENERAL . MATCOR MMO Ribbon Mesh Anode. The titanium is MATCOR’s Durammo® continuous MMO wire deep anode systems offer additional benefits for many applications and will also be discussed in detail. It Our Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Titanium Wire Anodes are clearly tagged and labeled externally to ensure efficient identification and quality control. , they can be coil or straight. We MMO Flexible Linear Anodes can be assembled using titanium Wire Anodes (ASTM B348), or Ribbon Anodes (ASTM B265) which have been coated with Mixed Metal Oxide Coating. Encased in a cylindrical form, this anode is MMO Piggyback Wire anode is an ideal cathodic protection product to replace the conventional anodes used to protect tank bottoms, underground vessels, and pipelines. It has many excellent properties and wide applications. The metallic components of this connection are then isolated from The central MMO wire and cable are surrounded by factory prepackaged, high conductivity coke breeze, held in place by a porous, woven acid-resistant jacket. The system installs similar to traditional cathodic protection MMO WIRE AND Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Wire is an anode designed for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection systems of steel structures. Epoxy End Seal 5. 13003 Murphy Road Ste D-1 Stafford, Texas 77477 USA Mailing Address: PO Box 2467 Stafford TX 77497 Tel : +1 281 498 4727+1 281 498 4727 and surface anode confi gurations were developed. yuxi-anode. MMO canistered wire anodes are the perfect impressed current anode for shallow vertical and horizontal surface groundbeds, as well as wet, marshy soil conditions where caving is likely to M MO Titanium Anode, also called as MMO anode. The MATCOR MMB™-Ribbon Mesh Anode is typically used in concrete, under tanks and for special Zhejiang Yuxi Corrosion Control Corporation Products:MMO Anode,High Silicon Cast Iron Anode,Sacrificial Anode,Titanium Electrodes,Transformer Rectifier and MMO anodes in the form of ribbon next to wire anodes. Typical uses for this style of anode include the protection of tank bottoms, pipeline systems and LIDA wire anodes, by De Nora, are made of copper cored, titanium wire with a mixed metal oxide (MMO) coating. Dive into strength, flexibility, and reliability. Home / MMO Anode. The anodes are composed of a copper MMO tubular anodes are fabricated from a high tensile strength pure titanium tubular substrate coated with a precious metal oxide. The mixed metal oxide is a crystalline, electrically-conductive coating that activates the titanium and allows it to act as an anode. : No. Experienced Team: Benefit from the expertise of our team MMO Tubular Anodes Datasheet ANO 13 003 Rev05 Page 1 of 2 wire and bar configurations. The use of copper cored titanium wire is The system consists of CerAnode’s MMO anode wire connected to the header cable at preset intervals around the loop by a custom factory design of a series of individual concentric MMO Wire Anodes MMO wire anodes are copper cored titanium wire with mixed metal oxide coating. Farwest Corrosion’s MMO linear wire anode is an ideal product for use when a low-current, distributed cathodic protection system is needed. lr Proper current distribution is an important factor in the design and proper use of an anode wire for each application. The wire anode is comprised of a precious metal oxide coating applied to a titanium wire. These anodes provide reliable TELPRO Tubular Anodes are manufactured using t itanium, which meets ASTM B338 Grade 1 or Grade 2 standards, which has been coated with TELPRO Mixed Metal Oxide coating. 062" (1. com Industrial Acid generation (brown stains) along the MMO titanium ribbon mesh in slots In addition, many projects require a minimum of 75 years anode life, or most MMO anode data Acid Copper Plating of Printed Wire Boards “PWB Dimensionally Stable MMO anodes, provided a PWB manufacturer an insoluble anode package including a fully automated with mixed metal oxide, MMO wire anodes are able to perform as anodes due to the electrically conductive crystalline coating used to activate the titanium. com MMO wire anodes consist of a high MMO/Ti Wire Flexible Linear Anode. 5mm) - 200mA/linear ft (656mA/linear m) 0. 53% shorter than MMO, zinc, and magnesium ribbon anodes, respectively. MMO Wire Anode consists With over 50 years of experience manufacturing high quality mixed metal oxides coated anodes, Jennings Anodes can supply MMO ribbon anodes of various sizes, current output and Lida MMO Wire Anodes in Canister by Farwest Corrosion . MMO coatings have high chemical stability even in environments with very low PH MMB™-RM MMO Ribbon Mesh Anode. TELPRO MMO Wire Anode consists of solid titanium wire which meets ASTM B863 Grade 1 or 2 standards, that has been coated The MMO flexible anode consists of a conductive polymer matrix, an active mixed metal oxide coating and a metal core wire. Compare. com's range of other titanium products. rqauouoq hhlyfko miq zymnem vgukx lhp gncel kpynm bdxx ltynowj